Wood Chainsaw Worked by Petrol 5800 Family, 22 Chain Saw No 1, Sliner

Portable handheld powered cutting tool

A chainsaw being used on a small lath

A chainsaw (or concatenation saw ^[ane]) is a portable gasoline-, electric-, or battery-powered saw that cuts with a gear up of teeth attached to a rotating chain driven along a guide bar. It is used in activities such equally tree felling, limbing, bucking, pruning, cutting firebreaks in wildland fire suppression, and harvesting of firewood. Chainsaws with particularly designed bar-and-chain combinations take been developed every bit tools for use in chainsaw art and chainsaw mills. Specialized chainsaws are used for cutting concrete during structure developments. Chainsaws are sometimes used for cut ice; for instance, ice sculpture and wintertime swimming in Finland.

History [edit]

In surgery [edit]

Historical osteotome, a medical os chainsaw

The origin of chain saws in surgery is debated. A "flexible saw", consisting of a fine serrated link chain held between two wooden handles, was pioneered in the belatedly 18th century (c. 1783–1785) by two Scottish doctors, John Aitken and James Jeffray, for symphysiotomy and excision of diseased bone, respectively.^[2] It was illustrated in the 2d edition of Aitken's Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine (1785) in the context of a pelviotomy.^[three] In 1806, Jeffray published Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints, which collected a paper previously published by H. Park in 1782 and a translation of an 1803 paper by French doc P. F. Moreau, with additional observations past Park and Jeffray.^[4] In information technology, Jeffray reported having conceived the thought of a saw "with joints like the chain of a picket" independently very soon after Park's original 1782 publication, but that he was not able to take it produced until 1790, subsequently which it was used in the anatomy lab and occasionally lent out to surgeons. Park and Moreau described successful excision of diseased joints, peculiarly the knee and elbow, and Jeffray explained that the concatenation saw would let a smaller wound and protect the adjacent muscles, nerves, and veins.^[v] While symphysiotomy had as well many complications for most obstetricians, Jeffray's ideas near the excision of the ends of basic became more than accepted, especially subsequently the widespread adoption of aneasthetics. For much of the 19th century the chain saw was a useful surgical instrument, but it was superseded in 1894 past the Gigli twisted-wire saw, which was substantially cheaper to industry, and gave a quicker, narrower cut, without risk of breaking and beingness entrapped in the os.^[6]

A precursor of the chainsaw familiar today in the timber industry was some other medical instrument adult around 1830, by German language orthopaedist Bernhard Heine. This musical instrument, the osteotome, had links of a concatenation carrying small cutting teeth with the edges set at an bending; the concatenation was moved around a guiding blade past turning the handle of a sprocket bicycle. As the name implies, this was used to cut bone.^[7]

For cutting wood [edit]

Typical of the primeval chainsaws, this gasoline-powered Dolmar saw was operated past ii men

A cordless four inch chainsaw commonly known every bit a "Ripper"

One of the primeval patents for an "endless chain saw" comprising a concatenation of links carrying saw teeth was granted to Frederick 50. Magaw of Flatlands, New York in 1883, apparently for the purpose of producing boards by stretching the chain between grooved drums.^{[8] [9]} A after patent incorporating a guide frame was granted to Samuel J. Bens of San Francisco on January 17, 1905, his intent being to brutal giant redwoods.^[10] The first portable chainsaw was developed and patented in 1918 by Canadian millwright James Shand.^{[11] [12]} After he allowed his rights to lapse in 1930, his invention was further developed by what became the High german company Festo in 1933. The company, now operating as Festool, produces portable ability tools. Other of import contributors to the modernistic chainsaw are Joseph Buford Cox and Andreas Stihl; the latter patented and adult an electric chainsaw for use on bucking sites in 1926^[13] and a gasoline-powered chainsaw in 1929, and founded a company to mass produce them. In 1927, Emil Lerp, the founder of Dolmar, developed the world's offset gasoline-powered chainsaw and mass produced them.

World War Ii interrupted the supply of German chain saws to North America, so new manufacturers sprang upwardly, including Industrial Engineering science Ltd (IEL) in 1939, the forerunner of Pioneer Saws Ltd and part of Outboard Marine Corporation, the oldest manufacturer of chainsaws in North America.^[14]

In 1944, Claude Poulan was supervising German prisoners cutting pulpwood in Eastward Texas. Poulan utilized an sometime truck fender and fashioned it into a curved piece utilized to guide the chain. The "bow guide" now allowed the chainsaw to be utilized by a single operator.

McCulloch in North America started to produce chainsaws in 1948. The early models were heavy, ii-person devices with long confined. Often, chainsaws were then heavy that they had wheels like dragsaws. Other outfits used driven lines from a wheeled power unit to bulldoze the cut bar.

After World War Two, improvements in aluminum and engine pattern lightened chainsaws to the point where one person could comport them. In some areas, the skidder (chainsaw) crews have been replaced by the feller buncher and harvester.

Chainsaws take almost entirely replaced simple man-powered saws in forestry. They are fabricated in many sizes, from pocket-size electric saws intended for home and garden employ, to large "lumberjack" saws. Members of military engineer units are trained to use chainsaws, as are firefighters to fight wood fires and to ventilate structure fires.

Three chief types of chainsaw sharpeners are used: handheld file, electric chainsaw, and bar-mounted.

The kickoff electric chainsaw was invented by Stihl in 1926.^[15] Corded chainsaws became available for auction to the public from the 1960s onwards,^[16] merely these were never as successful commercially every bit the older gas-powered blazon due to express range, dependency upon the presence of an electric socket, plus the health and safe risk of the bract'south proximity to the cable.^[17]

For near of the early on 21st century petrol driven chainsaws remained the most common blazon, but they faced competition from cordless lithium battery powered chainsaws from the late 2010s onwards.^[18] Although most cordless chainsaws are small and suitable simply for hedge trimming and tree surgery,^[19] Husqvarna and Stihl began manufacturing total size chainsaws for cutting logs during the early 2020s.^[20] Battery powered chainsaws should eventually encounter increased market share in California due to state restrictions planned to take issue in 2024 on gas powered gardening equipment.^{[21] [22]}

Construction [edit]

The cutting chain seen hither features the pop chipper-teeth style of cutting blades.

A chainsaw consists of several parts:

Engine [edit]

Chainsaw engines are traditionally either a two-stroke gasoline (petrol) internal combustion engine (normally with a cylinder volume of thirty to 120 cm³) or an electrical motor driven by a battery or electric power cord. In a petrol chainsaw, fuel is mostly supplied to the engine past a carburetor at the intake.

To allow use in any orientation, modern gas chainsaws use a diaphragm carburetor, which draws fuel from the tank using the alternate pressure differential within the crankcase. Early engines used carburetors with gravity fed float chambers, which caused the engine to stall when tilted. The carburetor may need to exist adjusted to maintain an appropriate idle speed and air-fuel ratio, such as when moving to a higher/lower distance or as the air filter clogs. Carburetors are adjusted either past the operator or, in some saws, automatically past an electronic control unit.

To foreclose vibration induced injury and reduce user fatigue, saws generally have a anti-vibration system to physically decouple the handles from the engine and bar.^[23] This is achieved by constructing the saw in ii pieces, connected by springs or rubber in the aforementioned fashion an automobile suspension isolates the chassis from the wheels and route.^[24] In cold weather, carburetor icing can occur, and then many saws have a vent between the cylinders and carburetor which may exist opened to allow hot air to pass. Cold temperature can also contribute to vibration-induced injury,^[25] and some saws have a small alternator connected to resistive heating elements in the handles and/or carburetor.

Drive mechanism [edit]

Typically, a centrifugal clutch and sprocket are used. The centrifugal clutch expands with increasing speed, engaging a drum. On this drum sits either a fixed sprocket or an exchangeable one. The clutch has three jobs: When the engine runs idle (typically 2500-2700 rpm) the concatenation does not motion. When the clutch is engaged and the concatenation stops in the wood for some other reason, information technology protects the engine. Most importantly, it protects the operator in case of a kickback. Here, the chain brake stops the drum, and the clutch releases immediately.

Guide bar [edit]

A guide bar, typically an elongated bar with a round end of wear-resistant alloy steel typically forty to xc cm (16 to 36 in) in length, is used. An edge slot guides the cut chain. Specialized, loop-style confined, called bow confined, were besides used at one time for bucking logs and immigration castor, although they are now rarely encountered due to increased hazards of performance.

All guide bars accept some elements for operation:

Approximate [edit]

The lower part of the chain runs in the estimate. Hither, the lubrication oil is pulled by the chain to the nose. This is basically the thickness of the bulldoze links.

• 0.063 in or one.6 mm
• 0.058 in or 1.5 mm
• 0.050 in or 1.3 mm
• 0.043 in or 1.ane mm

Oil holes [edit]

The terminate of the saw ability head has two oil holes, one on each side. These holes must friction match with the outlet of the oil pump. The pump sends the oil through the hole in the lower part of the gauge.

Saw bar producers provide a large variety of bars matching unlike saws.

Grease holes at bar olfactory organ [edit]

Through this hole, grease is pumped, typically each tank filling to keep the olfactory organ sprocket well lubricated.

Guide slot [edit]

Here, one or two bolts from the saw run through. The clutch embrace is put on top of the bar and information technology is secured through these bolts. The number of bolts is determined by the size of the saw.

Bar types [edit]

Different bar types are bachelor:

• Laminated bars consist of different layers to reduce the weight of the bar.
• Solid bars are solid steel, intended for professional person utilise. They normally have an exchangeable nose, since the sprocket at the bar nose wears out faster than the bar.
• Condom bars are laminated bars with a minor sprocket at the nose. The small-scale nose reduces the kickback effect. Such confined are used on consumer saws.

Cut chain [edit]

Unremarkably, each segment in a concatenation (which is constructed from riveted metallic sections similar to a bicycle concatenation, but without rollers) features small-scale, sharp, cutting teeth. Each tooth takes the class of a folded tab of chromium-plated steel with a sharp athwart or curved corner and two beveled cut edges, ane on the top plate and one on the side plate. Left-handed and right-handed teeth are alternated in the chain. Chains are fabricated in varying pitch and judge; the pitch of a chain is defined as half of the length spanned by any three consecutive rivets (e.1000., 8 mm, 0.325 inch), while the gauge is the thickness of the drive link where it fits into the guide bar (e.g., one.v mm, 0.05 inch). The conventional "full complement" chain has 1 tooth for every ii drive links. "Full skip" chain has one tooth for every three drive links. Congenital into each tooth is a depth gauge or "raker", which rides ahead of the tooth and limits the depth of cut, typically to effectually 0.5 mm (0.025"). Depth gauges are critical to safety chain performance. If left too high, they crusade very slow cut; if filed as well low, the chain becomes more prone to kicking back. Low depth gauges also cause the saw to vibrate excessively. Vibration is uncomfortable for the operator and is detrimental to the saw.

Tensioning mechanism [edit]

The tension of the cutting chain is adapted so that information technology neither binds on nor comes loose from the guide bar. The tensioner for doing so is either operated by turning a screw or a transmission bike. The tensioner is either in a lateral position underneath the exhaust or integrated into the clutch comprehend.

Lateral tensioners have the advantage that the clutch embrace is easier to mount, only the disadvantage that information technology is more difficult to reach nearby the bar. Tensioners through the clutch cover are easier to operate, merely the clutch encompass is more than difficult to attach.

When turning the screw, a hook in a bar pigsty moves the bar either out (tensioning) or in, making the chain lose. Tension is correct when it tin can be moved hands by paw and not hanging loose from the bar. When tensioning, hold the bar nose up and pull the bar basics tight. Otherwise, the concatenation might derail.

The underside of each link features a small, metal finger chosen a "drive link", which locates the concatenation on the bar, helps to acquit lubricating oil effectually the bar, and engages with the engine's drive sprocket inside the body of the saw. The engine drives the chain around the track past a centrifugal clutch, engaging the concatenation equally engine speed increases nether ability, only allowing it to end as the engine speed slows to idle speed.

Consistent comeback to overall chainsaw blueprint, including adding safe features, have taken identify over the years. These include chain-restriction systems, better concatenation design, and lighter, more ergonomic saws, including fatigue-reducing antivibration systems.

As chainsaw carving has become more pop, manufacturers are making special brusque, narrow-tipped bars (called "quarter-tipped" "nickel-tipped", or "dime-tipped" bars, based on the size of their tips). Some chainsaws are congenital specifically for carving applications.^[26] Echo sponsors a etching series.^[27]

Safe features [edit]

A chainsaw used to trim the 2016 U.S. Capitol Christmas tree

Today'due south chainsaws have multiple safe features to protect the operator. These include:

• Concatenation restriction
  • A concatenation restriction activator is located forward of the upper handle and is activated past a kickback event. When triggered, it tensions a ring around the clutch pulsate, stopping the chain within milliseconds.
  • A chain catcher is located between the saw body and the clutch cover. In nigh cases, information technology resembles a hook made of aluminum. It is used to cease the chain when information technology derails from the bar and shortens the length of the chain. When derailing, the chain swings from underneath the saw towards the operator. This prevents the chain from hitting the operator, which hits the rear handle guard instead.
  • A rear handle baby-sit protects the hand of the operator when the chain derails.
• Some chains have rubber features as safe links as on micro chisel saws. These links keep the saw close to the gap betwixt two cutting links and lift the chain when the infinite at the safety link is total with saw fries, which lifts the chain and lets it cut slower. Nonprofessional chains accept less aggressive teeth, by having shallower depth gauges.
• Protective vesture is designed to protect operators in the event of a moving chain touching their clothing past snarling the concatenation and sprocket, by using special constructed fibers woven into the garment.

Maintenance [edit]

A professional logger limbing a downed tree

Two-stroke chainsaws require nearly 2–5% of oil in the fuel to lubricate the engine, while the motor in electrical chain-saws is ordinarily lubricated for life. Most mod gasoline-operated saws today require a fuel mix of 2% (1:fifty). Gasoline that contains ethanol can result in problems for the equipment because ethanol dissolves plastic, rubber, and other textile.^[28] This leads to bug, especially on older equipment. A workaround for this trouble is to run fresh fuel only and run the saw dry at the end of the work.

Dissever chain oil or bar oil is used for the lubrication of the bar and chain on all types of chainsaws. The concatenation oil is depleted speedily because it tends to be thrown off by concatenation centrifugal force, and information technology is soaked up by sawdust. On 2-stroke chainsaws, the chain oil reservoir is normally filled up at the aforementioned time as refueling. The reservoir is unremarkably large plenty to provide sufficient chain oil between refueling. Lack of chain oil, or using an oil of wrong viscosity, is a mutual source of harm to chainsaws, and tends to lead to rapid wear of the bar, or the concatenation seizing or coming off the bar. In improver to being quite thick, concatenation oil is particularly sticky (due to "tackifier" additives) to reduce the amount thrown off the chain. Although motor oil is a common emergency substitute, it is lost even faster, so leaves the chain under-lubricated.

The oil is pumped from a small-scale pump to a hole in the bar. From there, the lower ends of each concatenation drive link take a portion of the oil into the judge towards the bar nose. The pump outlet and bar hole must be aligned. Since the bar is moving out and in depending on the chain length, the oil outlet on the saw side has a banana-way long shape.

Chains must be kept abrupt to perform well. They become blunt rapidly if they touch soil, metal, or stones. When blunt, they tend to produce powdery sawdust, rather than the longer, clean shavings characteristic of a abrupt chain; a abrupt saw too needs very little force from the operator to push button it into the cut. Specially-hardened bondage (made with tungsten carbide) are used for applications where the soil is likely to contaminate the cut, such equally for cut through roots.

A clear sign of a blunt chain is the vibrations of the saw. A sharp concatenation pulls itself into the wood without pressing on the saw.

Since the air intake filter tends to clog up with sawdust, it must be cleaned from fourth dimension to time but is not a problem during normal operation.

Safety [edit]

A user operating a gasoline-powered chainsaw wearing full safety gear

Despite safe features and protective article of clothing, injuries can all the same arise from chainsaw utilise, from the large forces involved in the piece of work, from the fast-moving, sharp chain, or the vibration and noise of the machinery.^[29]

A mutual blow arises from "kickback" when a chain tooth at the tip of the guide bar catches on wood without cutting through it.^[xxx] This throws the bar (with its moving chain) in an upward arc toward the operator, which can cause serious injury or fifty-fifty decease.

Some other unsafe state of affairs occurs when heavy timber begins to autumn or shift before a cutting is consummate. The chainsaw operator may be trapped or crushed.^[31] Similarly, timber falling in an unplanned direction may damage the operator or other workers, or an operator working at a peak may fall or be injured past falling timber.

Similar other paw-held machinery, the functioning of chainsaws can cause vibration white finger,^[32] tinnitus, or industrial deafness. These symptoms were very common before vibration dampening using rubber or steel jump was introduced. Heated handles are additional help. Newer, lighter, and easier to wield cordless electrical chainsaws use brushless motors, which further decrease noise and vibration compared to traditional petroleum-powered models.

The risks associated with chainsaw use mean that protective clothing such every bit chainsaw boots, chaps, and hearing protectors are usually worn while operating them, and many jurisdictions require that operators exist certified or licensed to work with chainsaws.^{[ where? ]} Injury can too issue if the concatenation breaks during operation due to poor maintenance or attempting to cutting inappropriate materials.

Gasoline-powered chainsaws betrayal operators to harmful carbon monoxide gas, especially indoors or in partially enclosed outdoor areas.^[33]

Drop starting, or turning on a chainsaw by dropping it with one manus while pulling the starting cord with the other, is a safety violation in about states in the U.S.^{[ citation needed ]} Keeping both hands on the saw for stability is essential for safety chainsaw apply.

Safe and effective chainsaw and crosscut apply on federally administered public lands within the The states has been codification since 2016 in the Final Directive for National Saw Program ^[34] issued by the United States Forest Service, which specifies the grooming, testing, and certification process for employees and unpaid volunteers who operate chainsaws within public lands.

Working techniques [edit]

Chainsaw training is designed to provide working technical noesis and skills to safely operate the equipment.^[35]

• Sizeup – This is scouting and planning safe cuts for the felling direction, danger zones, and retreat paths, before starting the saw. The tree's location relative to other objects, back up, and tension determines a safe fall, splits off, or if the saw will jam. Several factors to consider are tree lean and bend, wind direction, co-operative arrangement, snow load, obstacles and damaged, rotting tree parts, which might behave unexpectedly when cutting. A tree may take to fall in its natural direction if information technology is too unsafe or impossible to fell in a desired direction. The aim is for the tree to fall safely for limbing and cross-cut the log. The goal is to avert having the tree fall on another tree or obstacle.^[36]
• Felling – After clearing the tree's base undergrowth for the retreat path and the felling direction; felling is properly done with three main cuts. To control the fall, the directional cut line should run 1/4 of the tree diameter to make a 45-degree wedge, which should exist 90 degrees to the felling direction and perfectly horizontal. The top cut should be made kickoff and and so the bottom cut is made to course the directional cut line at the wedge point. A narrow or nonexistent hinge lessens felling direction control. From the opposite side of the wedge, the terminal felling cut is finished one/10th of the tree bore from the direction cut line. The felling cut is made horizontally and slightly (i.5–ii inches; 5.i cm) to a higher place the lesser cut. When the swivel is properly prepare, the felling cut will begin the autumn in the desired direction.^{[37] [36]} A sitback is when a tree moves back opposite the intended direction. Placing a wedge in the felling cut can prevent a sitback from pinching the saw.
• Freeing – Working a badly fallen tree that may have become trapped in other trees. Working out maximum tension locations to decide the safest fashion to release tension, and a winch may be needed in complicated situations. To avert cutting straight through a tree in tension, ane or two cuts at the tension point of sufficient depth to reduce tension may be necessary. Later on tension releases, cuts are made outside the curve.^[36]
• Limbing – Cutting the branches off the log. The operator must exist able to properly attain the cut to avoid kickback.
• Bucking – Cross-cut the felled log into sections. Setup is made to avert binding the chainsaw within the changing log tensions and compressions. Safe bucking is started at the log loftier-side and then sections worked offside, toward the butt terminate. The offside log falls and allows for gravity to assist prevent binds. The log's kerf motion while cutting tin can assist to indicate binds. Additional equipment (lifts, bars, wedges, and winches) and special cutting techniques can assist foreclose binds.
• Binds – This is when the chainsaw is at hazard or is stuck in the log compression. A log jump chainsaw is unsafe and must be carefully removed to preclude equipment damage.
  • Superlative demark – The tension area on log bottom, compression on pinnacle.
  • Lesser bind – The tension area on log tiptop, compression on bottom.
  • Side bind – Sideways pressure exerted on the log.
  • End demark – Weight compresses the log's entire cross-department.
• Brushing and slashing – This is quickly clearing small trees and branches under v inches (thirteen cm) in diameter. Hand piler may follow forth to move out debris.

Every bit a sawmill [edit]

When fastened into a special guide frame, a chainsaw can be used as a portable sawmill to cutting majority wood into planks or boards. Such usage is called a chainsaw mill or Alaskan sawmill.

Cut stone, concrete, and brick [edit]

A water-cooled chainsaw cut concrete

Special chainsaws tin can cut concrete, brick, and natural rock. These utilize similar chains to ordinary chainsaws, but with cutting edges embedded with diamond grit. They may use gasoline or hydraulic power, and the chain is lubricated with water, because of high friction and to remove stone dust. The machine is used in construction, for case, in cutting deep, square holes in walls or floors, in stone sculpture for removing big chunks of rock during pre-carving, by fire departments for gaining access to buildings, and in restoration of buildings and monuments for removing parts with minimal damage to the surrounding structure. More recently, concrete chainsaws with electric motors of 230 volts take also been developed.^[38]

Considering the cloth to be cut is non fibrous, much less kickback occurs. And so, the most-used method of cut is plunge-cutting, by pushing the tip of the blade into the cloth. With this method, square cuts every bit pocket-size equally the blade width can exist achieved. Pushback can occur if a block shifts when most cut through and pinches the bract, but overall, the motorcar is less unsafe than a woods-cutting chainsaw.

See also [edit]

• Bandsaw
• Chainsaws in popular civilisation
• Round saw
• Jigsaw
• Portable sawmill
• Saw concatenation
• Small-scale engine

References [edit]

1. ^ "Definition of chain saw". Merriam-Webster . Retrieved April 13, 2019.
2. ^ Skippen, Thou; Kirkup, J; Maxton, R One thousand; McDonald, South Due west (2004). "The Concatenation Saw - A Scottish Invention". Scottish Medical Journal. 49 (2): 72–75. doi:10.1177/003693300404900218. ISSN 0036-9330. PMID 15209147. S2CID 19878683.
3. ^ Aitken, John (1785). 2nd (ed.). Principles of Midwifery, or Puerperal Medicine. Edinburgh, Scotland: Edinburgh Lying-In Hospital. pp. 76–84, Plate XII Fig. 2.
4. ^ Park, H.; Moreau, P. F.; Jeffray, James (1806). Jeffray, James (ed.). Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints by H. Park and P. F. Moreau, with Observations by James Jeffray, M.D. Translated past Jeffray, James. Glasgow, Scotland: John Scrymgeour.
5. ^ "Cases of the Excision of Carious Joints". Critical Analysis. Edinburgh Medical and Surgical Journal (Review). Edinburgh, Scotland: Archibald Lawman & Company. 3: 90–96. January 1807. PMC5711164.
6. ^ Johnson, Robert Scott; Sippo, Dorothy A.; Swan, Kenneth Thousand. (August 2010). "The Flexible Chain Saw During the American Civil War". The Journal of Trauma: Injury, Infection, and Critical Care. 69 (2): 455–458. doi:10.1097/ta.0b013e3181e4f297. PMID 20699757.
7. ^ Lennox, Doug. Now You Know: The Book of Answers, Book 4. Toronto: Dundurn Press. 175. Print.
8. ^ Seufert, Wolf D. Seufert; Rogers, Fred B.; Risse, Guenter B. (Oct 1980). Schullian, Dorothy M. (ed.). "The Concatenation Osteom by Heine". Notes and Events. Periodical of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. Oxford University Press. 35 (four): 454–465.
9. ^ Us patent 279780, Frederick Fifty. Magaw, "Chain SAWING-MACHINE", published 1883-04-17, issued 1883-04-17
10. ^ "Countless concatenation saw". Retrieved 21 September 2018.
11. ^ Wardrop, Jim (June 1976). "British Columbia's experience with early chain saws". Material Civilization Review/Revue de la Culture Matérielle. two . Retrieved Apr 9, 2017.
12. ^ CA patent 186260A, James Shand, "SAW", published 1918-08-27, issued 1918-08-27
13. ^ Reid, Mark Collin (2017). "Timber!". Canada's History. 97 (5): 20–23. ISSN 1920-9894.
14. ^ "Steady Growth, Industry Firsts Noted in Long Pioneer History", Chain Saw Age August 1972.
15. ^ Now You Know 4, folio 175
16. ^ Firewood, 2013
17. ^ Popular science 1977 page 186
18. ^ Evening Standard
19. ^ Mini chainsaws
20. ^ Popular Mechanics
21. ^ California ban on gas tools
22. ^ Twitter; Instagram; Electronic mail; Facebook (2021-12-09). "California regulators sign off on phaseout of new gas-powered lawn mowers, leaf blowers". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2022-03-04 .
23. ^ Krajnak, Kristine (2018). "Wellness effects associated with occupational exposure to paw-arm or whole body vibration". Periodical of Toxicology and Environmental Health Role B: Critical Reviews. 21 (5): 320–334. doi:10.1080/10937404.2018.1557576. ISSN 1521-6950. PMC6415671. PMID 30583715.
24. ^ Bovenzi, 1000.; Franzinelli, A.; Mancini, R.; Cannavà, M. Yard.; Maiorano, M.; Ceccarelli, F. (Nov 1995). "Dose-response relation for vascular disorders induced by vibration in the fingers of forestry workers". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 52 (11): 722–730. doi:ten.1136/oem.52.11.722. ISSN 1351-0711. PMC1128352. PMID 8535491.
25. ^ Gemne, K. (May 1994). "Pathophysiology of white fingers in workers using paw-held vibrating tools". Nagoya Journal of Medical Science. 57 Suppl: 87–97. ISSN 0027-7622. PMID 7708114.
26. ^ "Masters of the Chainsaw - Chainsaw Competitions". www.mastersofthechainsaw.com. Archived from the original on 30 October 2016. Retrieved 21 September 2018.
27. ^ ECHO Carving Series Archived September 27, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
28. ^ "Ethanol free fuel". hsqGlobal . Retrieved 21 September 2018.
29. ^ "Concatenation Saw Safety Manual" (PDF). Stihl. 1999. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2010-03-31.
30. ^ Stihl, Chain Saw Safety Manual, pp. 12-sixteen
31. ^ "Preventing Concatenation Saw Injuries During Tree Removal Later on a Disaster". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved one April 2014.
32. ^ Vibration Syndrome. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Current Intelligence Message 38: March 29, 2983. Retrieved December 22, 2008.
33. ^ Carbon Monoxide Hazards from Minor Gasoline Powered Engines. National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved Dec 22, 2008.
34. ^ Final Directive for National Saw Programme Federal Register. Retrieved November 24, 2016.
35. ^ Chain Saw and Crosscut Saw Training Course Student'due south Guidebook 2006 Edition. USDA, U.s. Wood Service. 29 December 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2011.
36. ^ ^{a b c} Jonsered Operator's Manual (1153137-95Rev.2). 2012-03-04. pp. 16–18.
37. ^ Husqvarna Operator'southward Manual (115 42 1549 Rev. half dozen). 2009-12-29. pp. 27–28, 43.
38. ^ Electric physical chainsaw 230V

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chainsaws.

• "How a Chainsaw Works", Popular Scientific discipline, August 1951

snellowee1989.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chainsaw

Share this post